You just need the jar file, so just install Graphviz and whatever JRE you prefer, then download the latest jar (or whatever version you want to fix the container at).
As you're using a container, and sourceforge is a pain, it's probably easiest to just download the jar manually and include it when building the container (you just copy the file to wherever you want it in your dockerfile).
COPY plantuml.jar /usr/plantuml/plantuml.jar
(don't forget the license files)
You can then either use the direct path to the jar file, or put it into the PATH with something like
PATH="$PATH:/usr/plantuml"