I'm not sure, but In my case, if document output is html, it is possible.
if you click hoge of diagram in document.html, you can jump to chapter1_example.
document.adoc
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== chapter1_example
== chapter2_example
* You can click "hoge" in the Diagram below and can jump to chapter1_example
[plantuml, format="svg", options="interactive"]
----
@startuml
A -> B : [[document.html#_chapter1_example hoge]]
@enduml
----
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